How Genes and the Environment Operate to Influence Child Development Es

How Genes and the Environment Operate to Influence Child Development This essay will look firstly at the ideas that have prevailed throughout history, in relation to genes interacting with the environment, and the human developmental implications of this relationship. It will briefly outline the theory of Heritability, Evolution, Genetic Determination, Epigenesis, Developmental Plasticity and a ‘transactional’ model of development. Secondly the theories of Genetic determination, Epigenesis and Developmental Plasticity will be compared. Physical and psychological characteristics of child development will illuminate the differing viewpoints held by these traditions. Anatomical development, temperament and language will be used as illustrators. Since the sixteen hundreds scholars interested in the origins of human formation; believed that humans had not changed since the creation of Adam. In essence what was needed to create a human was there at the point of conception, it just got bigger [Hartsoeker, 1694 cited in Richardson, 1994 p51]. That all humans go through ‘an unfolding’ process during development, which is all part of a ‘natural plan’ this was referred to as ‘Preformationism’. These ‘innate’ processes or ‘stages’ were referred to as ‘maturation’ and this has developed from the philosophical position of ‘Rationalism’. This position remained until the eighteen hundreds when biological developments challenged this position. Gregory Mendal, [1865] showed that a plant’s single characteristic such as colour could be ‘inherited’ or altered though cross-hybridisation. That plants possessed individual traits ‘genes’ that could be altered and passed on to descendents. It wasn’t until DeVrise, Corrnens and Tschermak work in the twentieth centaury [cited in Sturtevant, 1965 and Weinsten, 1977] showed that single gene inheritance etc was responsible for evolutionary characteristics in humans, an example of single gene effects can be shown in the case of PKU [Phenylketonuria] which left untreated (not stopping Children with the mutated gene eating phenylalanine in their diet) would cause retarded intellectual development. [Plomin, DeFries, and McClern, 1990, cited in Richards, 1994 p214]. It appears that Mendel's accomplishments on the laws of ‘inheritance’ were surpassed by the attention that was being given to the questions concerning the mechanism of evo... ...tes, J. [1994] ‘Infant Individuality’, in Oates, J (ed.) The foundations of development, Oxford, Blackwell/ The Open University p191. Thelen, E. [1992] 'Self-organisation in developmental processes: can a systems approach work?' in Johnson, M. H. (ed.) Brain Development and Cognition, Oxford, Blackwell. Cited in Richardson, K. [1994] ‘Evolution and Development’, in Oates, J (ed.) The foundations of development, Oxford, Blackwell/ The Open University p.69. Toulmin, S. [1971] 'Brain language: a commentary', Synthese, 22, pp. 369-95. Cited in Richardson, K. [1994] ‘Interactions in Development’, in Oates, J (ed.) The foundations of development, Oxford, Blackwell/ The Open University pp.221. Torrez, T. W. [1971] Morphogenesis of the Vertebrates, New York, Wiley. Cited in Richardson, K. [1994] ‘Evolution and Development’, in Oates, J (ed.) The foundations of development, Oxford, Blackwell/ The Open University p.62. Weinstein, A.[1977] How Unknown Was Mendel's Paper? Journal of the History of Biology 10, 341-364. Weismann, A. 1885 [1889]. Continuity of the Germ Plasm. In Essays upon heredity and kindred biological problems, ed. E. Poulton et al. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Plastic Bags Should Be Banned Essay

Plastic bags are one of the most dangerous substances to our environment. It seems silly that plastic bags could do so much harm. You never would have guessed, right? Well, believe it or not, these bags contribute to environmental issues in several ways. For one, plastic bags litter the environment. Forests, rivers, lakes, and oceans are littered all over the world. Wind carries these bags everywhere. We are destroying our own planet and most people don’t even realize the harmful effects of these bags. They also overfill landfills, taking up room that can be used by other trash. Americans use over 380 billion plastic bags a year. For two, these bags kill our wildlife. They kill not only marine animals, but also animals on land. Many species are already becoming endangered as it is. These bags are adding to the death toll of animals, and it could increase their chances of being endangered, or even extinct. About one million mammals and sea birds die per year due to ingesting plastic bags. They are mistaken as food. The animals die a slow and painful death, usually by choking. 100,000 marine mammals die per year by eating these plastic bags. Lastly, these bags are made out of a substance that is called polyethylene. Polyethylene is a type of petroleum. Petroleum is a major source of our energy, such as heating, electricity, lighting, etc. About four to five trillion plastic bags are manufactured each year. We’re wasting all of this petroleum on plastic bags when it could be used for more important things, like automobile gas. The sad thing is, out of 100 trillion plastic bags, only 1% are recycled. It takes 1,000 years for plastic bags to break down, making them non-biodegradable. Burning these bags will not help either; it will only make things worse. When these bags are burned, it releases toxic fumes into the soil and the air. You may be asking, â€Å"What can I do to help?† Try switching to paper bags instead of plastic ones when you go grocery shopping. Paper bags are much better for the environment, and can be recycled more easily. If you are an animal lover, these actions that you could be taking would be saving animals around the world. Surprisingly, plastic bags have been one of the most lethal inventions of mankind. They have a major negative impact on humanity, animals, and our environment. We only have one world to live in, so more precautions should be enforced in taking care of it.

The Discovery Of The Higgs Boson - 1580 Words

The universe is weird. Its positively maddening how, despite knowing so much, we humans only know four percent of all the knowable stuff the universe has to tell. New discoveries are being made every day about multitudes of subjects. Cures for diseases, new background into the first organisms to inhabit the planet, and new advances in personal technology occur so often that it may be difficult to be shocked by the world around us. However every so often a discovery is made, and an experiment goes perfectly right. The discovery of the Higgs Boson is that experiment. Well, metaphorically speaking it is. The universe and science lend themselves well to hyperbole however the truth is never so simple. The Higgs Boson is the fundamental particle that gives everything mass. The standard model of physics depends on the Higgs Bosons existence. The Standard Model is an explanation for how the building blocks of the universe interact with matter(CERN Accelerating Science, The Standard Model). According to the Standard Model, All matter is made of elementary particles. Elementary particles are the building blocks of matter and are separated into two groups, Leptons and Quarks. Both Leptons and Quarks contain groups and generations. The groups, containing six particles each, are related in pairs known as generations. Quark generations are broken up in three pairs. Up and Down Quark, Charm and Strange Quark, and Top and Bottom Quark. Leptons are also grouped in three generations.Show MoreRelatedOrigin of Mass of Subatomic Particles Essay927 Words   |  4 Pages This past October of 2013, Franà §ois Englert and Peter W. Higgs were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in Physics for 2013. â€Å"For the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERNs Large Hadron Co llider. Both Englert and Higgs proposed the theory of how particles acquire mass. It was 1964Read MoreThe Higgs boson Theorised by physicists Francois Elgert and Peter Higgs1485 Words   |  6 PagesThe Higgs boson or God Particle was theorised 50 years ago by two physicists Francois Elgert and Peter Higgs. They were awarded with a Nobel Prize for confirming its existence on July 4th, 2012. It is possible further research will lead to major discoveries in the future of physics . The Higgs boson is known as the key to understanding why mass exists and how it was originally constructed. It should be further examined and studied. The Higgs boson and Higgs field have been explained many differentRead MoreCan Science Prove the Creation of the Universe? Essay1729 Words   |  7 PagesIf someone could tell you the answer to how it all began, how our world was created, why we exist, would you want to know? Modern Science has made some pretty impressive discoveries about our universe. As stated by George Smoot, a cosmologist at the University of California at Berkeley and winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in physics, â€Å"I think we all know where we came from and how we fit into the world, but some of us need to know how it all works in great detail.† While some people believe testingRead MoreEssay On Physics After The Discovery Of The Atom888 Words   |  4 PagesPHYSICS AFTER THE DISCOVERY OF THE HIGGS The world of physics had been developed a well-established model of the atom. The standard model had been pretty well â€Å"tied up†, with its group of 16 elementary particles and their nice set of rules describing how they should interact. Physicists had observed until the Higgs discovery, 16 of these particles. The crowd was already beginning to desperate for a 17th particle that would send the model in new and wild directions (supposedly). But the Higgs particle ruinedRead MoreNew Physics Essay775 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is the (next accessible) scale of new physics? 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Kundalini energy is an accompaniment to psychic changes – that is, to new perspectives and patterns of consciousnessRead MoreEssay On New Physics732 Words    |  3 PagesResearch Statement Zhen Liu What is the (next accessible) scale of new physics? We do not have a clear answer. We are living through a challenging and exciting era, in sharp contrast to the situation of the past (half) century in physics. The discovery of the Higgs boson, the determination of the non-zero ÃŽ ¸13 neutrino mixing parameter, the first detection of gravitation waves, and many greatly improved experimental probes for new physics beyond the standard model mark the great triumphs of our understandingsRead MoreCan one be certain if a divine force, like God, or the Big Bang created our world, focusing on the600 Words   |  3 Pagesdiscussion between how our world was created. A new fact has been recently discovered, in 2012, which shifts the opinions of those who relate the beginning of life to religion. It is the Higgs Boson, better known as the God Particle, it â€Å"†¦explains why particles have mass, and in turn why we exist†¦without the Boson, the universe would have no physical matter , only energy† (Lisee para 5). Even though the God Particle is scientifically proven, those who are religious would disprove of it because of theirRead MoreThe Behavior and Study of Particles Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pagesfilled up to a level called the Fermi energy. . (Hyper physics: leptons) Bosons are particles with an integer spin and are not constrained by the Pauli Exclusion Principle. Bosons are mainly described as energy carriers like photons. Like fermions bosons can move in a wave. The wave function which describes a collection of bosons must be symmetric with respect to the exchange of identical particles. At low temperatures, bosons can behave very differently than fermions because an unlimited number ofRead MoreSpeech on God vs. Science1147 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the early advent of basic health care to the fancy organ transplantation, from elements to the discovery of the ever talked about higgs boson, the quest to explain every phenomenon of the universe and defy the faiths of numerous religions is still on. How was the universe made, was it the creation of god, was it Adams and Eve, was it the nebula cloud that made it happen, was it the higgs boson that made the advent of life or was the brahma Vishnu Mahesh ? different beliefs different reasons

Analysis of the Extract from Angel Pavement by J.Priestly.

John Boynton Priestley, OM (13 September 1894 – 14 August 1984), known as J.B. Priestley, was an English novelist, playwright and broadcaster. He published 27 novels. Angel Pavement is his novel, published in 1930, it established him as a successful novelist. It is a social panorama of the city of London, seen largely through the eyes of the employees of the firm Twigg Dersingham, on the first floor of No. 8, Angel Pavement. One of the problems raised in the novel is the problem of upbringing. The plot of the extract revolves around Mr. Smeeth and his speculations about his own family. The central idea of the extract is misunderstanding between two generations. The author’s message is that many parents could not understand either†¦show more content†¦Her being at home is characterized by such epithets as â€Å"languid and complaining, shrill and resentful, or sullen and tearful† thus making us understand that she was, as the author said in â€Å"a very silly, awkward age†. But the situation changed abruptly when she receives a call from her friends, by the simile â€Å"This contrast, as sharp as a sword† the author states that her behavior at home and among her friends was very different. She was not interested in the life of her family, instead, being with her friends she â€Å"sprang into a vivid personal life of her own, became eager and vivacious†. These numerous epithets reflect her young and hoity-toity nature. The next paragraph is devoted to the son of Mr. Smeeth – George, who is older than Edna, she is 17 and he is 20. The age gives us a hint that he is probably set his life priorities and somehow more confident in his point of view to his own life. But that is only partially so, according to the author: â€Å"He had no desire to stick to anything, to serve somebody faithfully, to work himself steadily up to a good safe position†. So George just tried one thing after another, selling wir eless sets, helping some pal in a garage, but his father believed that even working hard he could not get any positive promotion or results. â€Å"The point was, that to George, there was nothing wrong, and his father was well aware of the fact that he could not make him see there was anything wrong. That was the trouble with

A Speech On Universal Studio Horror Films At The Library

Last month I attended Professor Farrell’s speech on Universal Studio horror films at the library in Mauldin. The purpose of this speech was to entertain his audience by using visual aids to speak on Universal Studio horror movies from 1931 to 1945. The speech included many versions of films such as Dracula, Frankenstein, The Wolf Man, The Mummy, and The Invincible Man. Professor Farrell did an incredible job entertaining the audience and speaking on the differences between each version of films. I’m going to take the seven steps of the Shannon –Waver Model to critique his speech. The Shannon-Weaver model was designed to improve communication and includes specific concepts such as sender, message, channel, Receiver, feedback, noise and context. The sender can communicate their message any way they want. The Sender can break their message into three categories such as ethos, pathos and logos. Ethos is an appeal to ethics, it is used to convince an audience of the author’s credibility. Pathos is to persuade an audience by appealing to their emotions. Logos means to convince an audience by use of logic or reason. All these are persuasive appeals and Professor Farrell did not use any of these categories because he was not trying to persuade his audience about anything he was simply just trying to entertain his audience. Your stance and posture while giving a speech is critical, Farrell did an amazing job with his posture, he did not move around that much, he mostly stayed behindShow MoreRelatedAmerican Civil Rights Movement Essay15820 Words   |  64 PagesSilent Films Era One of the most popular producers of silent cinema was David York Griffith. shot 61 short films. most promising american producers. =Shakespeare of Screen. a genius producer, a founder of new cinema language. innovator in the sphere of actor art. G. specialized in melodramas, he shot comedies, historical films, thrillers, westerns, filmings of Bible and different works of literature. 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Human Resource Management Specific Initiatives

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Management for Specific Initiatives. Answer: Introduction This report mainly discusses the human resource management role in the large enterprises that are evolved through both the practical as well as efficient practices of human resource (McCord, 2014). The firm which will be discussed in this report will be Netflix Inc. (McCord, 2014). the report mainly view the discussion about how the company is revamped as well as restructured within the market through undertaking specific initiatives for the functions of human resource (Bushey, 2014). The report mainly analyses the talent acquisition invention at Netflix Inc., in which the firm will necessarily launch the entire innovative structure for the functions of human resource (Bushey, 2014). The report will also include about the philosophy of talent management (Timothy, 2014). As offered by the recommended information, the firm will try to develop the strategy, in which A category players will be included (Bushey, 2014). The philosophy relies on separating the staff that is not required in the team and the one that tries to overcome the discomfort that provides the wealthy severance package (Bushey, 2014). The report will also include about the five tenets that will be accepted by Netflix Inc. Key concepts relating to two HR practices discussed in the Netflix case study Reward, hire as well as tolerate the adults- the case mentions that the firm Netflix tries to yearly introduce the employees (Bushey, 2014). Every staff member of the company will be given with the vacations of 10 days along with few sick leaves and holidays (McCord, 2014). The motivate behind this is that the employees will be able to perform as well as deliver the better outcomes as the staff will be permitted to take off and when they require it (Bushey, 2014). Moreover, the firm will also view the staff to make their own decisions (McCord, 2014). For example, when the employee if gone on the official trip, then, in that case, they need to ask to buy the ticket on their own that permits the staff to save specific amount (Bushey, 2014). All these things will primarily contribute towards the effective HR strategy invention (Bushey, 2014). Tell the performance truth- other key initiatives that need to be taken by Netflix is considering the components of being honest with the staff about the performance, but currently they need to come up with the policy, in which employees performance is highlighted according to the statistics (Bunker, 2012). Managers had the job related to forming the teams- once the human resource, as well as management of Netflix Inc, are encouraged, then in that case employees can adopt the idea for developing the particular team accordingly (Bunker, 2012). For example, the managers need to take their decisions and support their specific aims for attaining the help and team assistance (Bunker, 2012). It is viewed as a standard component in the Netflix success, in which the decisions are undertaken through the lead of particular team (McCord, 2014). The staff of the firm is highly paid that is as per the norms and standards of the industry (Bunker, 2012). It can be considered as the supports system for the staff members, as primarily monetary gains will be a key attribute, which could highly encourage the staff for providing the particular outcomes and the desired one too (Bunker, 2012). Key concepts in the Netflix case connect the ideas with the information that you have been given Leaders take the job of creating the culture in the company- the firm Netflix is introduced with the purpose of formulating the staff for having made the decision on their own (Grant, 2004). Along with this, the firm also look towards encouraging the staff to support and then decide about the routine and the manner they undertaken the work forward towards principles of decision making (Grant, 2004). Therefore, this encouraging component for the staff and the Netflix management connects with it (Grant, 2004). Effectiveness of the way Netflix conducts the two HR practices, looking at its business goals, and the way that it meets employee needs Undertaking the right things and simultaneously treating the people such as adults are considered as Netflix heart as they, had brought the policies of HR (Hamel, 2014). It is believed by Hamel (2014) that most of the firm come under the trap of 97% of their staff members while doing the right work and they dont require human resource management to guide them; where else, 31% of the staff also absorb the time, energy and money of HR (Hamel, 2014). The approach of Netflix is that they only hire such people (Hamel, 2014). While the workers working on hourly basis hold the structured system, in that case salaried staff are actually guided through the HR over how they should actually take their time off (Hamel, 2014). For instance, accounts are not out in starting, as its quite a busy time. If the staff had to move away for around 1 month, then they need to discuss with the HR (Hamel, 2014). And the senior employees are highly encouraged to go on holidays as they failed in meeting the role models (Hamel, 2014). Netflix tries to implement the system in case of formal travel as well as policies of expenses. In this instance, staff is highly encouraged to act in the best interest of Netflix (Hamel, 2014). It implies, they should not eat in expensive restaurants, as it might impact the sales (Hamel, 2014). Perhaps the highly radical approach is compensation (Hamel, 2014). Netflix never distributes the bonus based on performance; rather they focus towards market-based pay (Hamel, 2014). Do you think the HR practices will support the way Netflix might need to respond to strategic challenges that it will face in the next two years One face the following issues at Netflix is quite a dramatic manner when one tries to shift from the DVDs through the help of mail, which is a streaming service (Hamel, 2014). One requires saving the huge files in the figure and cloud how the various people can easily access it (Hamel, 2014). Through measuring the third of the high residential traffic in the America that comes from the streaming Netflix movies for the customers (Merrit, 2014). So one requires to explore the people experience by the help of cloud services that work in the company and operate it at large scales, such as companies like, Facebook, Google, Amazon, and eBay thats not the comfortable place for recruiting someone away from it (Hamel, 2014). Philosophy of compensation supported the company (Merrit, 2014). Most of the principles are mainly steam through the ideas that are explained earlier, such as honest and treat people well (Hamel, 2014). For example, during the Netflix tenure, it doesnt pay the bonus or the performance, and therefore, the company believes that they are unrequired if the right people are recruited (Hamel, 2014). If the staff members include entirely adults, that place the firm at first place, then the yearly bonus cannot make them work harder (Merrit, 2014). If one believe in the pay based on market and inform staff members, then it could be smart to interview with the competitors, when they hold the chance for the purpose of getting the right sense of the market talent (Hamel, 2014). There are many HR people, who dislike when the staff communicates with the recruiters, but Netflix always informs their employees to take the call and take the right and valuable information (Hamel, 2014). The next problem is related to making sure that the staff analyse the levels, which tries to drive the business (Hamel, 2014). Netflix case mentions that someone visited the start-up of Texas, in which staff was mainly engineers, it was bet that half of the team had never read the PL and the same was informed to CEO (Merrit, 2014). In this case, CEO replied that it is entirely correct that they are not financially savvy, and its the biggest issue on who want to perform well, and one require to communicate how the organization makes money and their behaviour, which tries to drive towards the success (Hamel, 2014). For example, at Netflix, staff used to emphasize over subscriber increase, without being aware of the expenses (Merrit, 2014). The company is also spending massive money on purchasing the DVD, by establishing the distribution centres, and through giving the programming, by gathering the cent through the new subscribers (Hamel, 2014). The staff of the company also require lea rning that by a revenue increase, expense management can matter a lot (Hamel, 2014). Ethical dilemmas, if any, do you see in the way that Netflix conducts, or seems to perform, the two HR practices To support the deal by the support of various ethical dilemmas, it is quite critical for the human resource professionals to go honest, objective as well as consistent with process of recruitment (Hartung, 2013)0. The advertisement of jobs ads towards the position, which gets differ through what is advertised and it should be placed. Employers need to emphasize over the ability of candidates towards performing the work and not towards the external factors (Kelleher, 2012). While taking the interview, it is significant that the job should not be misrepresented towards the candidates (Kelleher, 2012). This need to cover up conditions of working along with present or the projected state of the company, mainly, if it could importantly impact the future employment prospect of the candidate in the group (Kelleher, 2012). When recruiting the staff members from the customers, suppliers as well as competitors, officials should try to conduct themselves towards the fashion that is transparent, by ensuring that the candidates analyse the risk included through the help of legal contract, which also prohibits them from working for the rival company (Kleinman, 2013). While working for the competitors, it is important that the candidates should analyze the expected risks relate to the damaging relationships among the employers in the industry (Kriete, 2013). In various ways, all these ethical issues hold the high potential to damage legal matters (Kriete, 2013). Conclusion In the present situation, the firm is attaining success, and it has eventually tried to transform into the benchmark company. Netflix is also viewed by various staff members as the enterprise that gives high value to human resource of the enterprise. However, through moving in the upcoming time, the organization require to emphasize over the exploring the new initiatives in human resource. For example, for now, the company holds the philosophy to believe that the compensation cannot be considered as the motivation for the performance that is extraordinary. It is also believed by management that the staff should be talented, hardworking as well as well-equipped and they should try to deliver more than what is expected. References Bunker, A. (2012). "How Netflix works: The adaptive magic behind movie streaming from the cloud." Retrieved September 22, 2016 from https://www.electricpig.co.uk/2012/03/02/how-netflix-works-the- adaptive-magic-behind-movie-streaming-from-the-cloud/. Bushey, R. (2014). How The $400 Million Loan Netflix Just Took Out Will Help It Undercut Hollywood. Retrieved September 22, 2016 from https://www.businessinsider.com/why-netflix- makes-its-own-shows-2014-2 Grant, T. (2004). International Directory of Company Histories. St. James Press: Detroit. Greenberg, A. (2009). The Netflix RD Game. Retrieved September 22, 2016 from https://www.forbes.com/2009/09/21/netflix-research-prize-technology-million-dollars.html Hamel, M. (2014). Netflix bets on international expansion to keep growing. Retrieved September 22, 2016 from https://www.cnbc.com/id/101487231# Hartung, A. (2013). Netflix - The Turnaround Story of 2012. Retrieved September 22, 2016 from https://www.forbes.com/sites/adamhartung/2013/01/29/netflix-the-turnaround-story-of-2012/ Kelleher, K. (2012). Netflix must ponder its endgame strategy. Retrieved September 22, 2016 from https://pando.com/2012/10/24/netflix-must-ponder-its-endgame-strategy/ Kleinman, A. (2013). How Netflix Gets Its Movie Suggestions So Right. Retrieved September 22, 2016 from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/07/netflix-movie-suggestions_n_3720218.html Kriete, L. (2013). 2013 Netflix Strategic Report Retrieved September 22, 2016 from https://lpelin.expressions.syr.edu/trf483/2013/05/02/2013-netflix-strategic-report/ McCord, P. (2014). How Netflix Reinvented HR. Retrieved September 22, 2016 from https://hbr.org/2014/01/how-netflix-reinvented-hr/ar/1 Merrit, R. (2014). How Netflix is Cashing in on Orange is the New Black. Retrieved September 22, 2016 from https://www.equities.com/editors-desk/stocks/technology/orange-is-the-new-black-buys- netflix-subscribers-respect Timothy, L. (2014) Comcasts deal with Netflix makes network neutrality obsolete. Retrieved September 22, 2016 from https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the- switch/wp/2014/02/23/comcasts-deal-with-netflix-makes-network-neutrality-obsolete/

The Supreme Court System Essays - Conservatism In The United States

The Supreme Court System The Supreme Court System The justices determine which cases to take. They never explain the reason for their choices. Whether or not a case is accepted strikes me as a rather subjective decision, made up in part of intuition and in part of legal judgment, Rehnquist wrote in The Supreme Court: How It Was, How It Is, his 1987 book about the court. Important factors, he said, are whether the legal question has been decided differently by two lower courts and needs resolution by the high court, whether a lower-court decision conflicts with an existing Supreme Court ruling and whether the issue could have significance beyond the two parties in the case. For example, the justices likely accepted the sexual-harassment case brought by Paula Jones, a former Arkansas state employee, against President Clinton because it will test the important question of whether a president should have to defend himself against a lawsuit while in office. They also agreed for the term that began Monday to review a case challenging the constitutionality of a federal handgun-registration law, no doubt in part because lower courts are divided about whether the law, which requires sheriffs to check a purchaser's background, unconstitutionally burdens local officials. But the justices do not automatically take on all cases posing significant societal dilemmas. Last June, for example, they refused to hear one on the legality of college affirmative action programs. The case did not garner the four votes needed to accept a petition for review and to schedule oral arguments on it. Before those votes are cast in the closed-door session, however, a case must pass muster with several of the youngest, least experienced lawyers in America -- the 36 law clerks who serve the nine individual justices and who, in effect, are their staff for a term. These clerks, most often four to a justice, usually are recent law school graduates and typically the cream of their Ivy League schools. It is the clerks who first winnow the 7,000 or so annual petitions, settling on the select few that they believe the justices themselves should consider. There is no set number or quota for each week's conference. With the clerks' memos in hand and in the closed conference room, the justices summarily reject most of the appeals. They discuss petitions flagged by one or more of the justices. Then, according to justices' public accounts over the years, they vote aloud, one at a time by seniority but starting with the chief justice. While the chief justice leads the meeting, the most junior justice, now Stephen G. Breyer makes handwritten notes that will be passed to a clerk for public announcement of disposition of petitions. Rehnquist is known for running a brisk session. Bam! Bam! Bam! one associate justice said in describing the group's swift disposition of cases. Among the richest sources of inside information about the court are the papers of the late Justice Thurgood Marshall (1967-1991). They describe negotiations as cases moved through the process. They show, for example, that only by the bare minimum of four votes did the justices accept a case that eventually yielded an important 1990 ruling on religious freedom. As is his responsibility by tradition, Chief Justice Rehnquist laid out the facts of the case and lower court rulings on it: Two Native Americans had been fired from their jobs at a private drug rehabilitation center after ingesting peyote, a cactus that contains the hallucinogen mescaline, as part of an ancient Indian religious ceremony. The men were denied unemployment compensation by the state of Oregon because officials said they were fired for illegal conduct. State drug law prohibited use of peyote. The men were never charged with a crime, and they sued the state, contending that denial of unemployment compensation violated their right to religious freedom. The Oregon Supreme Court sided with them, ruling that the anti-drug statute should not outlaw religious use of peyote. The state appealed to the Supreme Court. When the case first arrived here in 1987, Rehnquist voted to hear it. Next in seniority and entitled to the second vote was William J. Brennan Jr., who apparently was concerned that the high court might overturn the